39b: Sakka’s Questions – 1394
On hearing these words of rebuke which sounded as a warning to the three
Gandhabbas, two of them gained mindfulness that set them up at the first
absorption (
jhāna
) there and then, and they were subsequently reborn in the
Brahmapurohita realm. The third one continued enjoying himself in the
sensuous sphere.”
In this story of Deva Gopaka, the destination of the three former
monastics is remarkable. Although they had conducted themselves well as
monastics, they were reborn as Gandhabbas, and were called Devas who
had been ascetics in their former existence. This was because they had in
the past been Gandhabbas for many existences so that they had in them a
liking for that existence (
bhava-nikanti
). Gandhabba Devas belong to one
of the realms of the Four Great Kings.
When Gopaka met the three ascetic Devas, he reflected on what previous merit
they were endowed with as they had such attractive appearances. He saw that
they had been monastics in their previous existence. Then he reflected whether
they had been established in morality, and saw that they had indeed been
established in morality. He further reflected whether they had further merit and
saw that they had attained absorption (
jhāna
). He again reflected where these
monastics lived and saw that they were the monastics who went to then Sakyan
lady Gopikā’s house for daily alms food.
He reviewed their case thus: “Persons established in morality can wish for any
of the six Deva realms. These monastics do not have rebirth in the higher Deva
realms. Further, persons who have attained absorption usually are reborn in the
Brahma realms. These monastics do not get reborn in the Brahma realms. As for
me, I followed their instruction and am now born as Sakka’s own son. These
monastics who are reborn as inferior Devas as Gandhabbas are the struck-to-the-
bone (
aṭṭhi-vedha
) type of persons who need goading to the extreme.” That was
why he said the words of rebuke: “Revered sirs, with how much attention did
you listen the Fortunate One’s teachings?”
Struck-to-the-bone
(
aṭṭhi-vedha
) persons who need goading to the extreme
is a reference to the Discourse about the Goad (
Patoda-sutta
, AN 4.113),
where four types of trained horses and four types of trained men are
described.