33c: The 16th Rains Retreat (Āḷavaka) – 1103
By this answer the Buddha meant to say that these four are the means to gain
wisdom:
1. Faith (
saddhā
).
2. Attention (
sussūsā
).
3. Heedfulness (
appamāda
).
4. Reflection (
vicakkhaṇā
).
To make the meaning more explicit: Buddhas, Paccekabuddhas and
Arahats realize Nibbāna through the ten wholesome deeds at the beginning
and through the 37 constituents of Awakening later on. Therefore, these
ten wholesome deeds and the 37 constituents of Awakening are to be
designated as the means to Nibbāna. Only he, who has profound faith
(
saddhā
), can posses both mundane and supermundane wisdom.
The possession of wisdom, however, is not possible just by faith. Only
when the faithful individual develops attention (
sussūsā
) by approaching
the wise, serving them, by listening to their pious words, can he win these
two kinds of wisdom. That is to say, having faith that leads to Nibbāna, he
must go to his preceptor (
upajjhāya
) and fulfil his duties towards him.
When the preceptor, being pleased with his fulfilment of duties, teaches
him, he must listen carefully. His approach to his preceptors, his service
towards him, his listening to his word – all these briefly make up the term
attention, respectful obedience. Only one who possesses attention, can
realize mundane wisdom as well as supermundane wisdom.
Only when the faithful and respectful listener further develops heedfulness
(
appamāda
) and reflection (
vicakkhaṇā
) on well-spoken speech (
subhāsita
),
and ill-spoken speech (
dubbhāsita
), can he realize the twofold wisdom. He
who lacks these four cannot gain wisdom.
With regard to the interrelation between these four and the supermundane
wisdom: 1) By faith (
saddhā
) a man takes up the practice which leads to
wisdom; 2) by
[782]
attention (
sussūsā
) he listens respectfully to the
Dhamma which leads to wisdom (
paññā
); 3) by heedfulness (
appamāda
) he
does not forget what he has learnt; 4) by reflection (
vicakkhaṇā
) he
considers deeply what he has learnt so that it may remain intact and
without distortion and widens his knowledge and wisdom.
Or, 2) By attention a man respectfully listens to the Dhamma which leads
to wisdom; 3) by heedfulness he bears in mind what he has learnt so that it